Q5. Demonstrate Compile-time and Run-time Polymorphism

Question:
Write program to demonstrate use of compile-time and runtime polymorphism.

My Approach

Polymorphism ka matlab hai same function/method ka alag-alag behavior.
Ye do types ka hota hai:

Compile-time Polymorphism (Early Binding)
- Achieved by Function Overloading and Operator Overloading.
- Compiler at compile-time decide karta hai kaunsa function call hoga.
Run-time Polymorphism (Late Binding)
- Achieved by Function Overriding using virtual functions.
- At run-time decide hota hai kaunsa function execute hoga based on object type.

Maine niche ek program likha hai jo dono ko demonstrate karta hai.

Program Code

File Name: polymorphism_demo.cpp


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// ================= Compile-time Polymorphism =================
class Calculator {
public:
    // Function Overloading
    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }
 
    double add(double a, double b) {
        return a + b;
    }
 
    int add(int a, int b, int c) {
        return a + b + c;
    }
};
 
// ================= Run-time Polymorphism =================
class Shape {
public:
    // Virtual Function
    virtual void draw() {
        cout << "Drawing a Shape" << endl;
    }
};
 
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
    void draw() override {
        cout << "Drawing a Circle" << endl;
    }
};
 
class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
    void draw() override {
        cout << "Drawing a Rectangle" << endl;
    }
};
 
// ================= Main Function =================
int main() {
    cout << "=== Compile-time Polymorphism Demo ===" << endl;
    Calculator calc;
    cout << "Add (int, int): " << calc.add(5, 10) << endl;
    cout << "Add (double, double): " << calc.add(4.5, 3.2) << endl;
    cout << "Add (int, int, int): " << calc.add(1, 2, 3) << endl;
 
    cout << "\n=== Run-time Polymorphism Demo ===" << endl;
    Shape* shape;  // Base class pointer
 
    Circle c;
    Rectangle r;
 
    shape = &c;
    shape->draw();  // Calls Circle's draw()
 
    shape = &r;
    shape->draw();  // Calls Rectangle's draw()
 
    return 0;
}

Sample Input / Output

Output:


=== Compile-time Polymorphism Demo ===
Add (int, int): 15
Add (double, double): 7.7
Add (int, int, int): 6

=== Run-time Polymorphism Demo ===
Drawing a Circle
Drawing a Rectangle

Explanation

Compile-time polymorphism:
- Calculator class me add() function overload hua hai.
- Alag parameter list hone ki wajah se compile-time par decide hota hai kaunsa function call hoga.
Run-time polymorphism:
- Shape base class ka draw() method virtual hai.
- Circle aur Rectangle apna apna draw() override karte hain.
- Base class pointer ke through call karne par run-time decide hota hai kaunsa function execute hoga.

Real Time Relevance

Compile-time polymorphism:
Example – Calculator apps me different types of addition (integers, floats, 2 numbers, 3 numbers).
Run-time polymorphism:
Example – Graphic software (Paint, Photoshop) me Shape ke alag-alag sub-classes (Circle, Rectangle, Triangle) hote hain aur har ek ka apna draw method hota hai.

Conclusion

Is program me dono types of polymorphism clearly demonstrate hote hain:

Compile-time → Function Overloading
Run-time → Virtual Function + Function Overriding

Submitted by:
Intesab Ansari
MCA Student, NMU University
Portfolio: intesab.live